1. 패키지에 대한 정보 보기
#dpkg --info file_name

2. 패키지에 들어있는 파일 보기
#dpkg --contents file_name

3. 패키지 설치하기
#dpkg -i file_name

4. 패키지를 풀어헤치기만 하고 설정하지 않기
#dpkg --unpack file_name

5. --unpack으로 풀어헤친 패키지를 설정하기
#dpkg --configure file_name

6. 패키지 삭제하기
#dpkg --remove package_name

7. 설정파일까지 삭제하기
#dpkg --purge package_name

8. 패키지 내의 파일 검색
#dpkg -L package_name

9. 어떤 파일이 어떤 패키지에 들어있는지 알고자 할 때
#dpkg -S 패턴

10. 설치된 패키지 리스트보기
#dpkg -l

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Grub4Dos를 USB에 설치하고 Parted Magic.iso 파일을 로드 불가현상

Parted Magic이 더이상 ISO 파일 로딩을 지원하지 않음. 

다음과 같은 메뉴(menu.lst)를 편집 하여 구성하면 부팅 가능함.

=======================
title parted magic live
kernel /pmagic/bzImage edd=off noapic load_ramdisk=1 prompt_ramdisk=0 rw vga=791 loglevel=0 max_loop=256 keymap=us
initrd /pmagic/initrd.img
map --unmap=0:0xff
=======================

파일구성 : 
   USB에 Grub4Dos를 설치하고 menu.lst를 위와 같이 구성한 후에, Parted Magic.iso를  USB에 압축 해제.           pmagic 폴더만 압축을 풀어도 구동에는 이상 없음.


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우분투 14.04 LTS 버전 멀티부팅 wubi로 설치할때 다음과 같은 오류가 발생한다.


serious errors were found while checking the disk drive for /

serious errors were found while checking the disk drive for /

serious errors were found while checking the disk drive for /

serious errors were found while checking the disk drive for /

serious errors were found while checking the disk drive for /


해결 방법


1. PC 전원 인가

2. 부트로더에서 우분투를 선택한다.

3. 바로 E 키를 계속 누른다.

4. 이상한 창이 하나 뜨면 밑에서 1~5 줄 사이에 있는 linux  ~~ 어쩌구에있는 줄에 ro 라는 게 있다 (찾기쉬움) 그걸 rw 로 고친다.

5. 그리고 f10 을 누른다.

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https://infoproducts.alcatel-lucent.com/html/0_add-h-f/93-0074-10-01/7750_SR_OS_Routing_Protocols_Guide/ospf_cli.html#1070010
Configuring OSPF with CLI
This section provides information to configure Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) using the command line interface.
Topics in this section include:
•
OSPF Configuration Guidelines
•
Basic OSPF Configuration
•
Configuring the Router ID
•
Configuring OSPF Components
→
Configuring the Router ID
→
Configuring an OSPF or OSPF3 Area
→
Configuring a Stub Area
→
Configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area
→
Configuring a Virtual Link
→
Configuring an Interface
→
Configuring Authentication
→
Assigning a Designated Router
→
Configuring Route Summaries
→
Configuring Route Preferences
•
OSPF Configuration Management Tasks
→
Modifying a Router ID
→
Deleting a Router ID
→
Modifying OSPF Parameters
OSPF Configuration Guidelines
Configuration planning is essential to organize routers, backbone, non-backbone, stub, NSSA areas, and transit links. OSPF provides essential defaults for basic protocol operability. You can configure or modify commands and parameters. OSPF is not enabled by default.
The minimal OSPF parameters which should be configured to deploy OSPF are:
•
Router ID
Each router running OSPF must be configured with a unique router ID. The router ID is used by both OSPF and BGProuting protocols in the routing table manager.
When configuring a new router ID, protocols will not automatically be restarted with the new router ID. Shut down and restart the protocol to initialize the new router ID.
•
OSPF Instance
OSPF instances must be defined when configuring multiple instances and/or the instance being configured is not the base instance.
•
An area
At least one OSPF area must be created. An interface must be assigned to each OSPF area.
•
Interfaces
An interface is the connection between a router and one of its attached networks. An interface has state information associated with it, which is obtained from the underlying lower level protocols and the routing protocol itself. An interface to a network has associated with it a single IP address and mask (unless the network is an unnumbered point-to-point network). An interface is sometimes also referred to as a link.
Basic OSPF Configuration
This section provides information to configure OSPF and OSPF3 as well as configuration examples of common configuration tasks.
The minimal OSPF parameters that need to be configured are:
•
A router ID - If a router-id is not configured in the config>router context, the router’s system interface IP address is used.
•
One or more areas.
•
Interfaces (interface "system").
Following is an example of a basic OSPF configuration:
ALA-A>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            area 0.0.0.0
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                nssa
                exit
                interface "to-104"
                    priority 10
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.1.1
            exit
----------------------------------------------
ALA-A>config>router>ospf#
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            timers
                lsa-arrival 50000
            exit
            export "OSPF-Export"
            area 0.0.0.0
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                nssa
                exit
                interface "SR1-2"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                stub
                    default-metric 5000
                exit
            exit
 
Configuring the Router ID
The router ID uniquely identifies the router within an AS. In OSPF, routing information is exchanged between autonomous systems, groups of networks that share routing information. It can be set to be the same as the loopback (system interface) address. Subscriber services also use this address as far-end router identifiers when service distribution paths (SDPs) are created. The router ID is used by both OSPF and BGP routing protocols. A router ID can be derived by:
•
Defining the value in the config>router router-id context.
•
Defining the system interface in the config>router>interface ip-int-name context (used if the router ID is not specified in the config>router router-id context).
•
Inheriting the last four bytes of the MAC address.
•
On the BGP protocol level. A BGP router ID can be defined in the config>router>bgp router-id context and is only used within BGP.
When configuring a new router ID, protocols are not automatically restarted with the new router ID. The next time a protocol is (re) initialized the new router ID is used. An interim period of time can occur when different protocols use different router IDs. To force the new router ID, issue the shutdown and no shutdown commands for each protocol that uses the router ID or restart the entire router.
The following displays a router ID configuration example:
A:ALA-B>config>router# info
#------------------------------------------
# IP Configuration
#------------------------------------------
        interface "system"
            address 10.10.10.104/32
        exit
        interface "to-103"
            address 10.0.0.104/24
            port 1/1/1
        exit
        autonomous-system 100
        router-id 10.10.10.104
...
#------------------------------------------
A:ALA-B>config>router#
Configuring OSPF Components
Use the CLI syntax displayed below for:
•
Configuring OSPF Parameters
•
Configuring OSPF3 Parameters
•
Configuring a Stub Area
•
Configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area
•
Configuring a Virtual Link
•
Configuring an Interface
•
Configuring Authentication
•
Assigning a Designated Router
•
Configuring Route Summaries
 
Configuring OSPF Parameters
The following displays a basic OSPF configuration example:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# ex
 
 
Configuring OSPF3 Parameters
Use the following CLI syntax to configure OSPF3 parameters:
CLI Syntax: config>router# ospf3
asbr
export policy-name [policy-name...(upto 5 max)]
external-db-overflow limit seconds
external-preference preference
overload [timeout seconds]
overload-include-stub
overload-on-boot [timeout seconds]
preference preference
reference-bandwidth bandwidth-in-kbps
router-id ip-address
no shutdown
timers
lsa-arrival lsa-arrival-time
lsa-generate max-lsa-wait
spf-wait max-spf-wait [spf-initial-wait [spf-second-wait]]
 
 
The following displays an OSPF3 configuration example :
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            timers
                lsa-arrival 50000
            exit
            export "OSPF-Export"
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3#
 
Configuring an OSPF or OSPF3 Area
An OSPF area consists of routers configured with the same area ID. To include a router in a specific area, the common area ID must be assigned and an interface identified.
If your network consists of multiple areas you must also configure a backbone area (0.0.0.0) on at least one router. The backbone is comprised of the area border routers and other routers not included in other areas. The backbone distributes routing information between areas. The backbone is considered to be a participating area within the autonomous system. To maintain backbone connectivity, there must be at least one interface in the backbone area or have a virtual link configured to another router in the backbone area.
The minimal configuration must include an area ID and an interface. Modifying other command parameters are optional.
Use the following CLI syntax to configure an OSPF or OSPF3 area:
CLI Syntax: ospf ospf-instance
ospf3
area area-id
area-range ip-prefix/mask [advertise|not-advertise]
blackhole-aggregate
 
The following displays an OSPF area configuration example:
A:ALA-A>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            area 0.0.0.0
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
            exit
----------------------------------------------
ALA-A>config>router>ospf#A:
 
Configuring a Stub Area
Configure stub areas to control external advertisements flooding and to minimize the size of the topological databases on an area's routers. A stub area cannot also be configured as an NSSA.
By default, summary route advertisements are sent into stub areas. The no form of the summary command disables sending summary route advertisements and only the default route is advertised by the ABR. This example retains the default so the command is not entered.
If this area is configured as a transit area for a virtual link, then existing virtual links of a non-stub or NSSA area are removed when its designation is changed to NSSA or stub.
Stub areas for OSPF3 are configured the same as OSPF stub areas.
Use the following CLI syntax to configure virtual links:
CLI Syntax: ospf
ospf3
area area-id
stub
default-metric metric
summaries
The following displays a stub configuration example:
ALA-A>config>router>ospf>area># info
----------------------------------------------
...
            area 0.0.0.0
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
            exit
...
----------------------------------------------
ALA-A>config>router>ospf#
 
The following displays a stub configuration example:
ALA-A>config>router>ospf>area># info
----------------------------------------------
...
            area 0.0.0.0
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
            exit
...
----------------------------------------------
ALA-A>config>router>ospf#
 
 
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3>area# info
----------------------------------------------
                stub
                    default-metric 5000
                exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3>area#
 
Configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area
You must explicitly configure an area to be a Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA) area. NSSAs are similar to stub areas in that no external routes are imported into the area from other OSPF areas. The major difference between a stub area and an NSSA is an NSSA has the capability to flood external routes it learns throughout its area and by an area border router to the entire OSPF domain. An area cannot be both a stub area and an NSSA.
If this area is configured as a transit area for a virtual link, then existing virtual links of a non-stub or NSSA area are removed when its designation is changed to NSSA or stub.
Use the following CLI syntax to configure stub areas:
CLI Syntax: ospf ospf-instance
ospf3
area area-id
nssa
area-range ip-prefix/mask [advertise|not-advertise]
originate-default-route [type-7]
redistribute-external
summaries
The following displays an NSSA configuration example:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf#
 
The following displays a OSPF3 NSSA configuration example:
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            timers
                lsa-arrival 50000
            exit
            export "OSPF-Export"
            area 0.0.0.0
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 4.3.2.1
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3#
 
 
Configuring a Virtual Link
The backbone area (area 0.0.0.0) must be contiguous and all other areas must be connected to the backbone area. If it is not practical to connect an area to the backbone then the area border routers must be connected via a virtual link. The two area border routers will form a point-to-point-like adjacency across the transit area. A virtual link can only be configured while in the area 0.0.0.0 context.
The router-id parameter specified in the virtual-link command must be associated with the virtual neighbor, that is, enter the virtual neighbor’s router ID, not the local router ID. The transit area cannot be a stub area or an NSSA. 
Use the following CLI syntax to configure stub areas:
CLI Syntax: ospf ospf-instance
area area-id
virtual-link router-id transit-area area-id
authentication-key [authentication-key|hash-key] [hash]
authentication-type [password|message-digest]
 
dead-interval seconds
hello-interval seconds
message-digest-key key-id md5 [key|hash-key] [hash|hash2]
retransmit-interval seconds
transit-delay
no shutdown
The following displays a virtual link configuration example:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 1.2.3.4 transit-area 1.2.3.4
                    hello-interval 9
                    dead-interval 40
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 1.2.3.4
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf#
 
The following displays an OSPF3 virtual link configuration example:
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            timers
                lsa-arrival 50000
            exit
            export "OSPF-Export"
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 4.3.2.1 transit-area 4.3.2.1
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 4.3.2.1
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3#
 
Configuring an Interface
In OSPF, an interface can be configured to act as a connection between a router and one of its attached networks. An interface includes state information that was obtained from underlying lower level protocols and from the routing protocol itself. An interface to a network is associated with a single IP address and mask (unless the network is an unnumbered point-to-point network). If the address is merely changed, then the OSPF configuration is preserved.
The passive command enables the passive property to and from the OSPF interface where passive interfaces are advertised as OSPF interfaces but do not run the OSPF protocol. By default, only interface addresses that are configured for OSPF are advertised as OSPF interfaces. The passive parameter allows an interface to be advertised as an OSPF interface without running the OSPF protocol. When enabled, the interface will ignore ingress OSPF protocol packets and not transmit any OSPF protocol packets.
An interface can be part of more than one area, as specified in RFC5185. To do this, add the keyword secondary when creating the interface.
Use the following CLI syntax to configure an OSPF interface:
CLI Syntax: ospf ospf-instance
area area-id
interface ip-int-name
advertise-subnet
authentication-key [authentication-key|hash-key] [hash|hash2]
authentication-type [password|message-digest]
bfd-enable
dead-interval seconds
hello-interval seconds
interface-type {broadcast|point-to-point}
message-digest-key key-id md5 [key|hash-key][hash|hash2]
metric metric
mtu bytes
passive
priority number
retransmit-interval seconds
no shutdown
transit-delay seconds
The following displays an interface configuration example:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 1.2.3.4 transit-area 1.2.3.4
                    hello-interval 9
                    dead-interval 40
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "to-103"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 1.2.3.4
            exit 
		 area 4.3.2.1
                interface "SR1-3"
                exit
            exit
            area 4.3.2.1
                interface "SR1-3" secondary
                exit
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# area 0.0.0.20
 
The following displays an interface configuration:
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            timers
                lsa-arrival 50000
            exit
            export "OSPF-Export"
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 4.3.2.1 transit-area 4.3.2.1
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "SR1-2"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 4.3.2.1
            exit
 
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3#
 
Configuring Authentication
Authentication must be explicitly configured. This feature is not available in the OSPF3 context. The following authentication commands can be configured on the interface level or the virtual link level:
•
authentication-key — Configures the password used by the OSPF interface or virtual-link to send and receive OSPF protocol packets on the interface when simple password authentication is configured.
•
authentication-type — Enables authentication and specifies the type of authentication to be used on the OSPF interface, either password or message digest.
•
message-digest-key — Use this command when message-digest keyword is selected in the authentication-typecommand. The Message Digest 5 (MD5) hashing algorithm is used for authentication. MD5 is used to verify data integrity by creating a 128-bit message digest from the data input. It is unique to that specific data.
An special checksum is included in transmitted packets and are used by the far-end router to verify the packet by using an authentication key (a password). Routers on both ends must use the same MD5 key.
MD5 can be configured on each interface and each virtual link. If MD5 is enabled on an interface, then that interface accepts routing updates only if the MD5 authentication is accepted. Updates that are not authenticated are rejected. A router accepts only OSPF packets sent with the same key-id value defined for the interface.
When the hash parameter is not used, non-encrypted characters can be entered. Once configured using the message-digest-key command, then all keys specified in the command are stored in encrypted format in the configuration file using the hashkeyword. When using the hash keyword the password must be entered in encrypted form. Hashing cannot be reversed. Issue the no message-digest-key key-id command and then re-enter the command without the hash parameter to configure an unhashed key.
The following CLI commands are displayed to illustrate the key authentication features. These command parameters can be defined at the same time interfaces and virtual-links are being configured. See Configuring an Interface and Configuring a Virtual Link.
Use the following CLI syntax to configure authentication:
CLI Syntax: ospf ospf-instance
area area-id
interface ip-int-name
authentication-key [authentication-key|hash-key] [hash]
authentication-type [password|message-digest]
message-digest-key key-id md5 key [hash]
virtual-link router-id transit-area area-id
authentication-key [authentication-key|hash-key] [hash]
authentication-type [password|message-digest]
message-digest-key key-id md5 key [hash]
 
The following displays authentication configuration examples:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 1.2.3.4 transit-area 1.2.3.4
                    hello-interval 9
                    dead-interval 40
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "to-103"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.40
                interface "test1"
                    authentication-type password
                    authentication-key "3WErEDozxyQ" hash
                exit
            exit
            area 1.2.3.4
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf#
 
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 10.0.0.1 transit-area 0.0.0.1
                    authentication-type message-digest
                    message-digest-key 2 md5 "Mi6BQAFi3MI" hash
                exit
                virtual-link 1.2.3.4 transit-area 1.2.3.4
                    hello-interval 9
                    dead-interval 40
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.1
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "to-103"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.40
                interface "test1"
                    authentication-type password
                    authentication-key "3WErEDozxyQ" hash
                exit
            exit
            area 1.2.3.4
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf#
 
Assigning a Designated Router
A designated router is elected according to the priority number advertised by the routers. When a router starts up, it checks for a current designated router. If a designated router is present, then the router accepts that designated router, regardless of its own priority designation. When a router fails, then new designated and backup routers are elected according their priority numbers.
The priority command is only used if the interface is a broadcast type. The designated router is responsible for flooding network link advertisements on a broadcast network to describe the routers attached to the network. A router uses hello packets to advertise its priority. The router with the highest priority interface becomes the designated router. A router with priority 0 is not eligible to be a designated router or a backup designated router. At least one router on each logical IP network or subnet must be eligible to be the designated router. By default, routers have a priority value of 1.
Use the following CLI syntax to configure the designated router:
CLI Syntax: ospf ospf-instance
area area-id
interface ip-int-name
priority number
The following displays a priority designation example:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 10.0.0.1 transit-area 0.0.0.1
                    authentication-type message-digest
                    message-digest-key 2 md5 "Mi6BQAFi3MI" hash
                exit
                virtual-link 1.2.3.4 transit-area 1.2.3.4
                    hello-interval 9
                    dead-interval 40
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.1
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "to-103"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
                interface "if2"
                    priority 100
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.40
                interface "test1"
                    authentication-type password
                    authentication-key "3WErEDozxyQ" hash
                exit
            exit
            area 1.2.3.4
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf#
 
Configuring Route Summaries
Area border routers send summary (type 3) advertisements into a stub area or NSSA to describe the routes to other areas. This command is particularly useful to reduce the size of the routing and Link State Database (LSDB) tables within the stub or NSSA.
By default, summary route advertisements are sent into the stub area or NSSA. The no form of the summaries command disables sending summary route advertisements and, in stub areas, the default route is advertised by the area border router.
The following CLI commands are displayed to illustrate route summary features. These command parameters can be defined at the same time stub areas and NSSAs are being configured. See Configuring a Stub Area and Configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area.
Use the following CLI syntax to configure a route summary:
CLI Syntax: ospf ospf-instance
area area-id
stub
summaries
nssa
summaries
 
The following displays a stub route summary configuration example:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 10.0.0.1 transit-area 0.0.0.1
                    authentication-type message-digest
                    message-digest-key 2 md5 "Mi6BQAFi3MI" hash
                exit
                virtual-link 1.2.3.4 transit-area 1.2.3.4
                    hello-interval 9
                    dead-interval 40
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.1
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "to-103"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
                interface "if2"
                    priority 100
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.40
                interface "test1"
                    authentication-type password
                    authentication-key "3WErEDozxyQ" hash
                exit
            exit
            area 1.2.3.4
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# 
 
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            timers
                lsa-arrival 50000
            exit
            export "OSPF-Export"
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 4.3.2.1 transit-area 4.3.2.1
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "SR1-2"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 4.3.2.1
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3#
 
Configuring Route Preferences
A route can be learned by the router from different protocols, in which case, the costs are not comparable. When this occurs the preference value is used to decide which route is installed in the forwarding table if several protocols calculate routes to the same destination. The route with the lowest preference value is selected
Different protocols should not be configured with the same preference, if this occurs the tiebreaker is per the default preference table as defined in Table 7. If multiple routes are learned with an identical preference using the same protocol, the lowest cost route is used.
 
Table 7: Route Preference Defaults by Route Type
Route Type
Preference
Configurable
 
Direct attached
0
No
 
Static routes
5
Yes
 
OSPF internal
10
Yes1
 
IS-IS level 1 internal
15
Yes
 
IS-IS level 2 internal
18
Yes
 
OSPF external
150
Yes
 
TMS
167
No
 
IS-IS level 1 external
160
Yes
 
IS-IS level 2 external
165
Yes
 
BGP
170
Yes
 
Preference for OSPF internal routes is configured with the preference command.


If multiple routes are learned with an identical preference using the same protocol and the costs (metrics) are equal, then the decision of what route to use is determined by the configuration of the ecmp in the config>router context.
The following CLI commands are displayed to illustrate route preference features. The command parameters can be defined at the same time you are configuring OSPF. See Configuring OSPF Components.
 
Use the following CLI syntax to configure a route preference:
CLI Syntax: ospf ospf-instance
ospf3
preference preference
external-preference preference
The following displays a route preference configuration example:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            preference 9
            external-preference 140
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 10.0.0.1 transit-area 0.0.0.1
                    authentication-type message-digest
                    message-digest-key 2 md5 "Mi6BQAFi3MI" hash
                exit
                virtual-link 1.2.3.4 transit-area 1.2.3.4
                    hello-interval 9
                    dead-interval 40
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.1
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "to-103"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
                interface "if2"
                    priority 100
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.40
                interface "test1"
                    authentication-type password
                    authentication-key "3WErEDozxyQ" hash
                exit
            exit
            area 1.2.3.4
            exit
----------------------------------------------
The following displays a route preference configuration example:
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            timers
                lsa-arrival 50000
            exit
            preference 9
            external-preference 140
            export "OSPF-Export"
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 4.3.2.1 transit-area 4.3.2.1
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "SR1-2"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
            exit
            area 4.3.2.1
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-48>config>router>ospf3#
OSPF Configuration Management Tasks
This section discusses the following OSPF configuration management tasks:
•
Modifying a Router ID
•
Deleting a Router ID
•
Modifying OSPF Parameters
 
Modifying a Router ID
Since the router ID is defined in the config>router context, not in the OSPF configuration context, the protocol instance is not aware of the change. Re-examine the plan detailing the router ID. Changing the router ID on a device could cause configuration inconsistencies if associated values are not also modified.
After you have changed a router ID, manually shut down and restart the protocol using the shutdown and no shutdowncommands in order for the changes to be incorporated.
Use the following CLI syntax to change a router ID number:
CLI Syntax: config>router# router-id router-id
 
The following displays a NSSA router ID modification example:
A:ALA-49>config>router# info
------------------------------------------
IP Configuration
------------------------------------------
        interface "system"
            address 10.10.10.104/32
        exit
        interface "to-103"
            address 10.0.0.103/24
            port 1/1/1
        exit
        autonomous-system 100
        router-id 10.10.10.104
------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router#
 
 
ALA-48>config>router# info
------------------------------------------
IP Configuration
------------------------------------------
        interface "system"
            address 10.10.10.103/32
        exit
        interface "to-104"
            address 10.0.0.104/24
            port 1/1/1
        exit
        autonomous-system 100
        router-id 10.10.10.103
------------------------------------------
ALA-48>config>router#
 
Deleting a Router ID
You can modify a router ID, but you cannot delete the parameter. When the no router router-id command is issued, the router ID reverts to the default value, the system interface address (which is also the loopback address). If a system interface address is not configured, then the last 32 bits of the chassis MAC address is used as the router ID.
 
 
Modifying OSPF Parameters
You can change or remove existing OSPF parameters in the CLI or NMS. The changes are applied immediately.
The following example displays an OSPF modification in which an interface is removed and another interface added.
Example: config>router# ospf 1
config>router>ospf# area 0.0.0.20
config>router>ospf>area# no interface "to-103"
config>router>ospf>area# interface "to-HQ
config>router>ospf>area>if$ priority 50
config>router>ospf>area>if# exit
config>router>ospf>area# exit
The following example displays the OSPF configuration with the modifications entered in the previous example:
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf# info
----------------------------------------------
            asbr
            overload
            overload-on-boot timeout 60
            traffic-engineering
            preference 9
            external-preference 140
            export "OSPF-Export"
            graceful-restart
                helper-disable
            exit
            area 0.0.0.0
                virtual-link 10.0.0.1 transit-area 0.0.0.1
                    authentication-type message-digest
                    message-digest-key 2 md5 "Mi6BQAFi3MI" hash
                exit
                virtual-link 1.2.3.4 transit-area 1.2.3.4
                    hello-interval 9
                    dead-interval 40
                exit
                interface "system"
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.1
            exit
            area 0.0.0.20
                stub
                exit
                interface "to-HQ"
                    priority 50
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.25
                nssa
                exit
                interface "if2"
                    priority 100
                exit
            exit
            area 0.0.0.40
                interface "test1"
                    authentication-type password
                    authentication-key "3WErEDozxyQ" hash
                exit
            exit
            area 1.2.3.4
            exit
----------------------------------------------
A:ALA-49>config>router>ospf#
 


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파이란


최민식의 영화중 최고로 좋아하는 영화

라디오스타에 손병호나오길래 갑자기 이 영화 생각나서 또 봤다.

한 5번은 본듯..

나중에 생각 나면 또 볼것 같다..


VOD

개인평 : 9.9 / 10

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군도:민란의 시대


등장 인물이 화려해서 기대를 하고 봤는데

하정우의 비중은 꾀 있었으나 임팩트가 없다는 느낌.

강동원은 뭐 불사신임.


지웰시티 CGV

개인평 : 5 / 10


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명량


류승룡 배역 선택에 문제가 있던듯.. 폼만잡다 뒤짐.

재미는 있음.


지웰시티 CGV

개인평 : 8.5 / 10

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수상한 그녀


VOD

개인평 : 7 / 10


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끝까지 간다


황가의 추천으로 보게 되었음.

이선균의 똥줄 타는 듯한 연기가 돋보임.. 

조진웅은 다른 영화에서 본 것 보다 훨씬 괜찮았음.. 

엔딩신도 괜찮았다..


VOD

평가 : 9 / 10


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